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THE 


QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION 

OF 


AMMONIA AND SULPHUR 


IN 


COAL GAS. 


BY 


WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, 


Author of the “ History and Principles Involved in the Use of Lowe’s Jet 
Photometer,” and “ Methods for Determining the Density and 
Specific Gravity of Coal Gas.” 



PUBLISHED BY WM. W. GOODWIN & CO., 

GAS METER MANUFACTURERS, 

1012, 1014, and 1016 Filbert Street; 1013, 1015, 
and 1017 Hunter Street, 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

1875 . 

WM. WALLACE GOODWIN, HOWARD KIRK, 

General Partner. Special Partner. 

7h 






Apparatus for Testing for Ammonia in Gas, as 
illustrated and described in “The Quan¬ 
titative Estimation,” &c. 


Deci-Gallon Mixer (1), Fig. 1, page 12. 

Thermometer (1). 

Mohr’s Burettes (2), mounted on stand, with pinch-cocks 
and Erdmann’s floats, Fig. 5, page 15. 

Pipettes (5), 1 each, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 septems (viz., 
35, 70, 140, 350, and 700 grains), Fig. 2, page 12. 
Glass Jars (3), Stoppered, ^ gallon. 

“ Bottles (4), Stoppered, 20 oz. 

“ Funnels (6), 3 inches diameter. 

Beakers (6), 4 oz. 

Pint Wash-bottle (1), Fig. 3, page 13. 

“ Graduate (1). 

2 oz. “ (1). 

Saturator with Beads (1), mounted on stand, Fig. 6, 
page 19. 

Meter and Governor (1), Fig. 6, page 19. 

CHEMICALS. 

£ lb. Oxalic Acid, pure, crystallized, in stoppered bottle. 
1 lb. Ammonia, pure, in stoppered bottle. 

1 lb. Sulphuric Acid, pure, in stoppered bottle. 

1 oz. Hem atoxyline, “ u “ 

1 Gallon Distilled Water, pure, in bottle. 

STANDARD SOLUTIONS FURNISHED. 


( See 3 d page of cover for Sulphur Testing Appa rat ns.) 



THE 


QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION 

OF 

AMMONIA AND SULPHUR 

,N 


COAL GAS. 


WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, 

AUTHOR OF THE HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE USE OF 

lowe’s jet photometer, and methods for determining 

THE DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COAL GAS. 



\ 


PUBLISHED BY WM. W. GOODWIN & CO., 

GAS METER MANUFACTURERS, 1012, 1014, AND 1016 FILBERT ST. 
AND 1013, 1015, AND 1017 HUNTER STREET, 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

1875 . 

Wm. Wallace Goodwin, Howard Kirk, 

General Partner. Special Partner. 





4 


f 


Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by 
WM. W. GOODWIN, 

in the office of the Librarian, at Washington. All rights reserved. 


t 

(V 


COLLINS, PRINTER 




PREFACE. 


The following little work has been prepared for presen¬ 
tation to our friends and patrons. 

The author was prompted to the effort from the fact 
that there is not, that he is aware of, a single handbook 
upon the subject published in this country (and but very 
few in Europe), giving the much coveted information how 
to determine the quantity of sulphur and ammonia in coal- 
gas. To determine the fact of its presence is a very easy 
matter. However proficient engineers may have been in 
their knowledge of chemistry when young, few, as they 
advance in years, and become engaged in the active duties 
of managing a gas works, can spare the time necessary for 
retaining such accomplishments; nor are many gifted with 
a memory so retentive as not to require the aid of written 
formulae. 

The present work has been written to supply this want; 
the questions treated have been elucidated in as plain Eng¬ 
lish as possible, removing the haze and mystery that seem 
to surround them ; that which is beyond may be left to the 
savans. This fact, however, should be remembered: chem¬ 
istry cannot be understood unless experiment go hand-in- 
hand with theory—in fact, the theory must be built up by 
means of inferences drawn from experiments themselves. 

In the preparation of the work the author acknowledges 
his indebtedness to Howard’s Practical Chemistry, Sutton’s 
Volumetric Analysis, and Sugg’s Gas Manipulation, but 



4 


more particularly to Hartley, for the portion directly refer¬ 
ring to sulphur and ammonia determinations. In Sugg 
and Hartley the septem is used as the standard. The 
author has thought best to introduce the equivalent in 
grains, as better adapted to the customs of our country, 
retaining the septem, however, so that in reading the 
instruments and making tests, either or both systems can 
be used. 

Particular attention is called to “ Hints for the Labora¬ 
tory” and “ General Principles,” which should be care¬ 
fully read, and the suggestions contained in them observed 
in all tests. 

Tables are inserted for ascertaining the percentage of 
sulphur contained in 100 cubic feet of gas (according to 
Sugg), which will be found of service. 

The apparatus, chemicals, and standard solutions re¬ 
ferred to, as well as all the apparatus connected with the 
analysis, measurement, and testing of gas, can be supplied 
by the author. He trusts the announcement of this fact 
will not be considered a want of modesty on his part; for 
one of the principal objects he had in view in preparing 
these pages was to advertise his business. He is not 
yet quite beyond the reach of selfish motives. He hopes, 
therefore, that this honest admission will not cause any 
loss of friends or patronage . 

WM. W. GOODWIN. 


Philadelphia, May 1, 1875. 


HINTS FOR THE LABORATORY. 


Cleanliness is of the utmost importance. Never put 
away anything dirty. It takes twice the time to cleanse 
glass vessels when chemicals have dried on them, that it 
does if washed directly they are done with. Many persons 
have thrown away bits of dirty apparatus, which they would 
have looked upon with pride, had they polished them before 
putting them away. 

Do everything and arrange everything in order. Never 
be in a hurry or flurry. Serious accidents may occur at 
times through not keeping cool. Have a place for every¬ 
thing, and put everything in its place. 

Put all materials and apparatus to be used on your left 
hand before commencing, and move them to your right 
when you have done with them, keeping the middle of your 
table or bench clear for operating or fitting up. Some 
arrangement of this kind is absolutely necessary. Do not 
be wasteful of your materials, although some of them may 
be cheap. The habit of carefulness in all things cannot be 
too soon acquired. Bad habits, too, are easily contracted, 
and are difficult to get rid of; hence as few as possible 
should be acquired. Look over all preparations required 
for an experiment before you begin to operate, otherwise 
you may find the want of something when it is impossible 
to get it; or you may suddenly discover that you want 
another hand. It is a good plan to make a list of all appa¬ 
ratus and materials required for the experiments which are 
to engage the attention. Satisfy yourself beforehand why 

1 * 



6 


you do everything, and never be content with making a 
thing merely do, if it is not done properly. Badly fitted 
corks, requiring lutes or sealing wax to stop the leaks, 
must not be suffered at any time. Another should be fitted. 
Many a serious explosion has occurred for want of these 
precautions. In all cases use the simplest form of appa¬ 
ratus for an experiment. Unnecessary complications are 
confusing. 

Take careful notes of experiments as they proceed, on 
paper, or in a rough note-book. Dr. Hofman used to say, 
“ The scrap of paper well stained with acid is of much 
greater value than the half-worked out, though clean notes, 
written after the experiment has passed away.” The rough 
notes should be reproduced in a more finished form in a 
book kept solely for that purpose. The mere copying of 
scientific facts and formulae, previously learned in a prac¬ 
tical wa}', is a great help towards remembering them. 

Chemical operations should be carried on, if possible, in 
a room set apart for the purpose. It is better to have it 
on the ground floor, if possible, as water is more easily 
obtained, and waste carried off by drains. It should be 
well ventilated, with a flue in which there is a fire burning, 
or furnished with a ring of gas-jets, to produce an ascend¬ 
ing current. The flue may be furnished with a hood, under 
which experiments may be performed w r here noxious va¬ 
pors arise. A zinc tube about 2J inches diameter, ar¬ 
ranged over the bench, about a foot from the ceiling, with 
inverted funnel tubes over the gaslights leading into it, 
can be arranged to produce an upward current, and will 
keep the room clear. This may be carried into the flue or 
out of doors. A chamber about 2 ft. by 1^ ft., with glass 
doors, should be fitted up in every laboratory, however 
humble, in connection with the flue, in which the experi¬ 
ments with sulphuretted hydrogen, etc., can be carried on. 
This, however, can be made to lead out of doors also, by 
having a Bunsen constantly burning, the waste heat being 


T 


used for a sand-bath in which evaporations may be carried 
on, if the chamber be divided by a partition. 

The principal sink may be either in the laboratory or 
just outside, and should be of glazed stoneware to resist 
acids. A small leaden or japanned iron basin may be let 
into the bench to carry off waste. 

The room should be furnished with a working bench, say 
2 feet 6 inches broad, round the wall, and, if necessary, down 
the centre. A nozzle with a stopcock should be connected 
with the gas pipe, for attaching the flexible tube; narrow 
shelves should be fixed along the walls and over the bench 
to hold the bottles containing materials and reagents. A 
cupboard or shelves may be put under the bench, and 
drawers fitted, to hold the various kinds of apparatus. 
Water must be at hand in a trough that can be emptied, or 
in pails. 

Of course, where a regular laboratory can be fitted up, 
further and better means can be adopted than are here 
suggested; but such arrangements as these will enable a 
large amount of work to be done. 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES, 

1. Quantitative analysis by weight , or gravimetric 
anatysis, consists in separating the constituents of any 
compound, either in a pure state or in the form of some 
new substance of known composition, and accurately 
weighing the products. Such operations are frequently 
very complicated and occupy a long time , besides requiring 
in many cases elaborate apparatus , and the exercise of 
much care and experimental knowledge. 

Volumetric processes, on the other hand, are, as a rule* 
quickly performed; in most cases are susceptible of ex¬ 
treme accuracy , and need much simpler apparatus. The 
leading principle of the method consists in submitting the 




8 


substance to be estimated to certain characteristic reac¬ 
tions, employing for such reactions solutions of known 
strength, and from the volume of solution necessary for 
the production of such reaction, determining the weight of 
the substance to be estimated by aid of the known laws of 
chemical equivalence. 

Volumetric analysis, or quantitative chemical analysis 
by measure, in the case of liquids and solids, consequently 
depends upon the following conditions for its successful 
practice:— 

1st. A solution of the re-agent or test, the chemical 
power of which is accurately known, called the “ standard 
solution .” 

2d. A graduated vessel from which portions of it may be 
accurately delivered, called the burette. 

3d. The decomposition which the test solution produces 
with an}^ given substances must be of such a character that 
its termination is unmistakable to the eye , and thereby the 
quantity of the substance with which it has combined 
accurately determined. 

The only condition on which the volumetric system of 
analysis can be carried on successfully is that the greatest 
care is exercised with respect to the graduation of the 
measuring instruments and the strength and purity of the 
standard solutions. A very slight error in the analytical 
process becomes considerably magnified when calculated 
for thousands of cubic feet or pounds, hundred weights and 
tons of the substance tested. 

As indicated above, the end of the operation in this 
method of analysis is, in all cases, made apparent to the 
eye. In alkalimetry it is the change of color produced in 
hematoxyline, litmus, turmeric, or other sensitive vegetable 
coloring matter, or the formation of a permanent precipi¬ 
tate, as in chlorine and silver determinations. 

In the following pages Mohr’s method has been adopted, 
viz., where the determination of the end of the saturation 


9 


of the solution with another is made manifest by the ap¬ 
pearance of a distinct color , as in dropping acid solutions 
from a burette into ammonia solution, or vice versa. 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES USED IN 
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. 

Instruments for use in volumetric analysis are so gra¬ 
duated that the unit of measurement is the thousandth 
part of the capacity of the vessel in which the normal or 
standard test liquors are prepared. Each unit of measure¬ 
ment, therefore, contains the one-thousandth part of the 
3 ure chemical substance that is dissolved in the standard 
measure to prepare any given test liquor. 

At the present time three different units of measurement 
ire in use among English chemists. 

First. The centimetre cube. 

Second. The decern. 

Third. The septem. 

The septem contains seven English grains of water at 
62° Fahr. The test liquors to be used with this measure 
are prepared in a deci-gallon, which contains 1000 septems, 
and is the tenth part of an imperial gallon, or has the 
capacity of sixteen fluidounces, or an avoirdupois pound 
of water. A burette , containing one hundred septems, 
measures the hundredth part of the imperial gallon. 

1 septem = 7 grains = one division on burette. 

10 “ = 70 “ = ten divisions on burette. 

100 “ = 700 “ = capacity of burette. 

1000 “ =7000 “ = deci-gallon. 

= 1 pound of distilled water at 62° Fahr. 

The following table is inserted for comparison of pounds, 
gallons, and grains with septems 






10 


Gallon. 

Deci- 

Gallous. 

Centi- 

Gallons. 

t 

[ 

Mil li- 
Gallons. 

1 

Septems. 

Avoirdupois weight of 
Water at 62° F. 

Grains. 

Pounds. 

1 . 

10. 

100. 

1000. 

10,000. 

70,000. 

10. 

.1 

1 . 

10. 

100. 

1,000. 

7,000. 

1 . 

.01 

.1 

1 . 

10. 

100. 

700. 

.1 

.001 

.01 

.1 

1 . 

10. 

70. 

.01 

.0001 

.001 

.01 

.1 

1 . 

7. 

.001 


1 Quart = 2500 Septems. 1 Fluidounce = 62.5 Septems. 

1 Pint = 1250 Septems. 1 Cubic Inch = 36.06543 Septems. 
1 Centimetre Cube = 2.2 Septems. 1 Litre = 2.2 Deci-gallons. 





















THE 


QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF AMMONIA 
AND SULPHUR IN COAL GAS. 


1. —The preliminary processes by which the quantities 
of ammonia and of sulphur contained in coal gas are de¬ 
termined, are usually conducted simultaneous^, and upon 
the same volume of gas. 

2 . —These preliminary processes consist generally, in 
(1) passing a measured volume of gas slowly through a 
vessel containing a definite quantity of dilute acid of known 
strength, which unites with the ammonia, and (2) in after¬ 
wards burning the gas in atmospheric air impregnated with 
ammonia vapors, the products of combustion being con¬ 
densed and collected in glass vessels. 

3. —The after processes consist in the finding (1) the 
quantity of acid which has entered into combination with 
the ammonia from the gas, and (2) the weight of baric 
sulphate precipitated from the condensed products of com¬ 
bustion on the addition of baric chloride. 

AMMONIA. 

4 . —In testing gas quantitatively for ammonia, two solu¬ 
tions* are required, one containing 1 grain of ammonia 
(NH 3 ) in 100 measures of the solution, the other containing 
a little more than 2.88 grains of sulphuric acid (S0 4 H 2 ) in 
10 measures of the solution, i. e., such a quantity of acid as 
will combine completely with and neutralize one grain of 
ammonia. 

5. —As both ammonia and sulphuric acid are with diffi¬ 
culty obtained of uniform strength, and as both become 

* All the solutions herein mentioned may be obtained of the proper 
strength from Wm. W. Goodwin & Co. 




12 


weaker on exposure to the atmosphere, the standard solu¬ 
tions of these compounds cannot be made by diluting 
samples of unknown gravities by admixture, with a fixed 
quantity of water ; a standard becomes necessary. This is- 
found in a solution of pure crystallized 
oxalic acid, an acid of invariable com¬ 
position C 2 H 2 0 4 -f 2Aq. Its combin¬ 
ing weight is 126, the weight of two 
molecules of ammonia being 34. 1 

grain of ammonia therefore unites with 
3.10588 grains of oxalic acid. 

6.—In the making and measuring 
of the test solutions, the following 
glass vessels are required : A mixing 
jar (Fig. 1) graduated into 100 parts 
(1000 grains), which when charged 
with any fluid to the 100th line, while 
standing on a level base , measures ex¬ 
actly one-tenth of a gallon of such 
fluid. 

Two burettes (Fig. 5, see page 15) 
on a wooden stand, S, one of them for 
use with acid solution, and the other 
one for use with alkaline solutions. 
Each burette is graduated into 100 
parts (septems, 700 grains). A septem 
is equal to one ten-thousandth part 
of a gallon, or to seven grains weight 
of pure water at 62° Fahr. These 
burettes are furnished with Mohr’s 
pinchcocks, P, P', Erdmann’s floats, 
E, E', and with funnels F, F'. 

Pipettes (Fig. 2) are also used; 
these, when properly charged (30) 
with liquid up to the mark on the 
stem, measure an exact number of 
septems. The last drop of fluid must 








13 


be delivered by touching the inside of the receiving vessel 
with the point of the pipette, and at the same time blowing 
through the latter. 

OXALIC ACID SOLUTION. 

7 . —Weigh in an accurate balance exactly 185.3 grains 
of pure c^stallized oxalic acid, and put this weighed quan¬ 
tity into the clean deci-gallon (7000 grains) mixer. Charge 
with pure distilled water* to about the 90th graduation. 
Insert the stopper firmly and shake the mixer at intervals, 
to assist solution of the ciystals, taking care to keep the 
stopper tightly’ in the mouth of the mixer. When the solu¬ 
tion is complete, dip the pro¬ 
jecting bulb of a suitable ther¬ 
mometer into the fluid, and if 
the temperature indicated be 
62° Fahr. fill up the mixer to 
the 100th line with pure dis¬ 
tilled water of the same tem¬ 
perature. W ash off the solution 
from the bulb with distilled 
water from a wash bottle (Fig. 

3), letting the washings fall 
into the mixer before filling the 
latter. Owing to capillary at¬ 
traction, the surface of water 
contained in cylinders assumes 
the form of a meniscus, or hol¬ 
low ; it is the lowest point or 
centre of the meniscus which must coincide with the 100t|i 
line on the mixer. 

8. —A pipette (Fig. 2) is useful for adding the last few 

* Water containing impurities is sometimes sold as “distilled.” 
Try every sample. Add to a portion of it baric solution (55), and 
to another portion silver solution (57). Both portions should remain 
clear. 

2 







14 


scptems of water to the contents of the mixer, and the 
measurement may be effected to a single drop of water by 
use of the pipette (6). If the thermometer indicates a tem¬ 
perature above or below 62°, the fluid must be warmed or 
cooled to the needful extent before it is made up to the 
100 measures; that is, if great accuracy be desired. For 
results closely approximating to truth, a degree or two in 
temperature will be of no moment. 

9 . —Transfer the solution from the mixer into a per¬ 
fectly clean and dry stoppered bottle, which label thus— 

No. 1. Sol. Oxalic Acid. 20 septems (140 grains) =one 
grain Ammonia. 

10 . —Wash out the mixer with several changes of common 
water, and finally with two changes of distilled water. Make 
a second solution of oxalic acid, as above directed. Trans¬ 
fer to a second clean and dry stoppered bottle, which label— 

No. 2. Sol. Oxalic Acid. 20 septems* (140 grains) = one 
grain Ammonia. 

11 . — Wash out mixer as before (10). 

AMMONIA SOLUTION. 

12 . — Strong liquor ammo¬ 
nia has usually a gravity of 
about .88, and contains about 
2 grains of absolute ammonia 
(NH S ) per septem (7 grains). 
Hence ft scptems (35 grains) to 
the deci-gallon (7000 grains) 
should give a solution of nearly 
the right strength. It is, how¬ 
ever, better to proceed as fol- 


* Oxalic acid solution will serve as well as the sulphuric (27) for 
arresting ammonia in the saturator (31) ; but the oxalic solution, if 
so employed, should, for convenience, be double the strength of 
that named above. 








15 


lows (5):—hold the 50-septem (350 grains) pipette (Fig. 2) 
between the fingers nnd thumb, as shown in Fig. 4. 

Moisten the end of the forefinger with the tongue, dip 
(30) the pipette into the strong ammonia until it is nearly 
filled. Press the forefinger firmly on the opening at the 
upper end, andtransfer pipette and the contents to the open 
mouth of a well-stoppered half-gallon glass bottle. Lift the 
forefinger, and the contents of the pipette will fall into the 
bottle. Fill up the bottle with pure distilled water at 62° 
Falir. Insert the stopper, and shake to insure complete 
mixture. 



13.— Fix the burettes (Fig. 5) perfectly upright, at a con¬ 
venient elevation on the stand. Pour a few septems of 







16 


No. 1 oxalic acid into burette A. Place a glass beaker, V, 
below the burette, open the pinchcock, and let the acid flow 
out. Charge the burette fully with a fresh portion of the 
acid, and remove the funnel. 

14. —Proceed in exactly the same waj r with burette B , 
using the ammonia solution (12). 

15. —Bring the engraved line of each float (6) on a level 
with the top line on the burette, by opening the pinchcock 
and letting any excess of solution drop into V (13). The 
points of the glass tubes of the pinchcocks should be 
slightly greased to prevent the adhesion of drops. 

16. —The outside of the burettes must be kept dry; if 
any solution flow over when charging them, the outside 
must be carefully wiped. 

17. —Place a perfectly clean glass beaker, similar to V 
(Fig. 5), below the burette A , and let fall into the vessel 
exactly 10 septems (70 grains) of acid solution, which color 
with two or three drops of solution of hematoxyline. Into 
the same vessel let fall from B , sufficient of the ammonia 
solution to change the color of the liquid from yellow to 
pink. The last additions must be made in single drops, and 
the mixture well stirred between each addition with a glass 
stirrer. 

18. —When the change of color is effected, note how many 
septems of ammonia solution have been used. Assume the 
number to be 30 (210 grains). To the mixture add 10 more 
septems (70 grains) from A, and two more drops of hema¬ 
toxyline. Recharge (15) B with ammonia solution (12), 
and deliver from it as much as will again change the color 
of the mixture in a beaker to pink. Assume it, as before, to 
be 30 septems (210 grains). In such case, 60 septems (420 
grains) of the ammonia solution would contain one grain of 
ammonia (9). These trials should be repeated, using No. 
2 oxalic acid. If the results differ from those obtained 




It 


with No. 1 acid, one or both acid solutions must be wrong, 
and fresh solutions must be more carefully made. 

19. —The solution of ammonia (12), if kept in a cool 
place and in a well-stoppered bottle, will serve as a stock 
from which at any time to make the standard solution in a 
few minutes. The bottle should be labelled, and the 
strength of the solution indicated on the label— 

Sol . Ammonia, 60 septems (420 grains) contain 1 grain 

NH 3 . 

TO MAKE THE STANDARD AMMONIA 
SOLUTION. 

20. —Put as many parts of the stock ammonia (12) (19) 
into the deci-gallon (7000 grains) mixer as septems of the 
ammonia solution were used to saturate 20 septems (140 
grains) of the oxalic solution (9), and make up with distilled 
water to 100 measures (8). Whenever a standard solution 
is made, it should be determined, as described in para¬ 
graphs 13 to 18, that 100 septems (700 grains) of it neutral¬ 
ize 20 septems (140 grains) of the oxalic solution. 

21. —Put the standard solution into a clean, dry, and 
well-stoppered bottle, and label— 

Sol. Ammonia. 100 septems (700 grains) contain 1 grain 

NH, 

SULPHURIC ACID SOLUTION. 

22. —The gravity of pure strong acid is 1.848, its com¬ 
position S0 4 H 2 , and its combining weight 98. The weight 
of two molecules of ammonia is 34. So that 2.8824 grains 
of the acid are required to combine with one grain of am¬ 
monia. One septem (7 grains) of such acid weighs 12;922 
grains; consequently nearly 23 septems (161 grains)' of it art* 
required in the deci-gallon (7000 grains) of dilute acid bf ten 
times the equivalence of the standard ammonia solution (5). 

2 * 


18 


23. —Half fill a well-stoppered half-gallon glass bottle 
with pure distilled water. Insert a funnel in the mouth of 
the bottle, and gently pour in one and a quarter or one and 
a half measured ounces of strong sulphuric acid. Shake (7). 
Fill up the bottle with distilled water. Cover the mouth, 
or insert the stopper loosely, and allow the bottle to stand 
in a cool place until the temperature is found, on applying 
a thermometer (7), to be reduced to 62° Fahr. (8). 

24. —Wash well the burette A inside and out, pinch- 
cock, float, etc. (10). Half fill it with the dilute sulphuric 
acid, and then empty it (13). Fully charge with the sul¬ 
phuric acid (13), and charge B with standard ammonia 
solution (14). Adjust the liquids to the proper heights (15). 

25. —Proceed as described in paragraphs 17 and 18, 
using five septems (35 grains) only of the acid eacli time, and 
continuing the test until at least 25 septems (175 grains) of 
the acid have been acted on in the beaker. The burette B 
will, of course, need filling several times. Suppose it be 
found that 120 septems (840 grains) of the ammonia solution 
are required to saturate 10 septems (70 grains) of the acid. 
120 : 100 : : 10: 8.333— i.e . 8.333 septems (58.333 grains) 
of the acid are sufficient to neutralize 100 septems (700 
grains) of ammonia solution. The acid solution (23) may be 
kept as described in paragraph 19, and should be labelled— 

Sulphuric Acid. 8.333 septems saturate one grain Ammo- 
nia , or 83.33 parts to a deci-gallon. 

TO MAKE THE STANDARD SULPHURIC 
ACID SOLUTION. 

26. —Put ten times as many parts of the stock acid (23) 

into the deci-gallon mixer (7000 grains) as septems of the 
acid are required to saturate 100 septems (700 grains) of the 
standard ammonia solution, and make up to 100 measures 
(8). 83.33 measures of acid of the above strength would 

require to be made up to 100. Whenever a standard solu- 


19 


tion of acid is made, it should be determined—as described 
in paragraphs 13 to 18—that 10 septems (70 grains) of it 
exactly neutralize 100 septems (700 grains) of standard am¬ 
monia solution. 

27. —Decant the solution into a stoppered bottle and 
label— 

Sol, Sulph. Acid. 10 septems (70 grains ) saturate one grain 
Ammonia, and= 100 septems (700 grains ) NH z sol. 

28. —In addition to the before-mentioned apparatus, the 
following are required :— 

1st. An ammonia saturator, S (Fig. 6), which is a glass 
vessel filled with glass beads having a movable nose-piece, 
N, at one end, and a cock, C, at the other. The saturator 
is supported in a horizontal position by a stand. 



2d. An experimental meter, A, with index showing the 
hourly rate of measurement by one minute’s observation, 
and indicating up to one hundred cubic feet. 

The meter shown in the figure can be made, if desired, 
capable of automatical^ stopping the flow of gas when 10 
cubic feet have been measured. 

3d. A governor, B, to maintain a uniform rate of delivery 
of gas from the meter. The governor is a dry one, and is, 






20 


for convenience, placed on the top of the meter. The out¬ 
let tube terminates with a cock, C'. 


TO SET THE APPARATUS TO WORK. 

29. —Remove the saturator (Fig. 6) from its stand, take 
out the nose-piece N, and close the cock C. 

30. —Charge the burette A (13) with sufficient of the 
dilute acid (27), or, take a pipette (Fig. 2) of the requisite 
size and dip its point into the acid, apply the lips to the 
upper end and suck up the acid* until it rises to a little 
above the mark on the stem. Cease to suck, and imme¬ 
diately press the moistened finger on the top (12). The 
pipette can be properly charged only in this way when used 
as a measure, as its exterior must be kept dry. Hold the 
pipette before the eyes, and by partly raising the forefinger 
allow any excess of acid to drop from the point, until the 
centre of the curved surface of the liquid coincides with 
the mark on the stem. 

31. —Charge the saturator, either by means of the burette 
or the pipette (6), with dilute acid (27); the quantity may be 
about one seplem (7 grains) or two septems (14 grains) of 
acid to each cubic foot of gas which it is intended to pass 
through the saturator (33), but must be sufficient to tho¬ 
roughly wet the beads. 

32. —Place the saturator on its stand, Fig. 6, insert the 
nose-piece, N, which connect by means of a few inches of 


* Caution must be used in filling the pipette with poisonous solu¬ 
tions, such as oxalic acid, in order to avoid their entry into the 
mouth. The point of the pipette must be kept well immersed while 
sucking. Strong ammonia, strong acids, and all kinds of fluids 
which give off fumes of a poisonous or irritating character must not 
be sucked into the pipettes in the way described. 



21 


flexible tube to the gas supply cock.* Connect the other 
end of the saturator in a similar way to the inlet of the 
meter. 

33.—Set the meter index to zero, or take the index, turn 
on the gas, and adjust, by means of the governor on the 
outlet of the meter, the rate of flow, to from one-half to 
one cubic foot of gas per hour, according to circumstances 
(41-42). Leave in operation for say 20 hours, or until at 
least ten cubic feet of gas have been passed through the 
saturator. 


TESTING OPERATIONS. 

34. —When sufficient gas has been operated upon, say 
ten cubic feet, cut off the supply, close the cock, C, of the 
saturator, raise it from its stand, remove the nose-piece, 
N, and hold the saturator, cock downwards, over a gradu¬ 
ated glass measure; open the cock and let the acid run 
into the measure. Pour distilled water through the satu¬ 
rator into the measure until, on the application of a litmus 
test-paper to the dropping fluid, it is found to produce no 
discoloration of the paper. From 9 to 18 oz. of water will 
be needed. Make up the quantity to 10 or 20 oz. 

35. —Measure into a glass vessel (17) exactly one-tenth 
of the liquid, and render it of a light yellow color by the 
addition of liematoxyline solution. Charge the burette, B, 
with ammonia solution (21). Adjust the fluid to the 
proper height (15), and then discharge into the acid con¬ 
tained in the beaker sufficient of the ammonia solution to 
change the color of the liquid to pink. Suppose 10 cubic 
feet of gas have acted upon 20 septems (140 grains) of acid 

* The gas passes through the saturator before being measured, 
in order to avoid the possibility of the absorption of anj r of the am¬ 
monia by the water in the meter. 




22 


in the saturator. Each septcm (7 grains) of acid solution is 
neutralized by . . . .0.1 grain of ammonia. 

Each septem (7 grains) of ammonia 

solution contains . . . 0.01 “. 

One-tenth of the acid used, or 2 sep- 
tems (14 grains), requires of am¬ 
monia .0.2 grain. 

After exposure to the gas, it requires 
of ammonia solution 18.2 septems 
(127.4 grains), which contain of 
ammonia . . . . . 0.182 u 

Ammonia in the gas per cubic foot 0.018 u 
Ammonia per 100 cubic feet . .1.8 u 

Suppose 22 cubic feet of gas have acted upon 50 septems 
(350 grains) of acid in the saturator. 

One-tenth of the acid used, or 5 septems (35 

grains), requires of ammonia . . . 0.5 grain. 

After exposure to the gas, it requires of am¬ 
monia solution 45.4 septems (317.8 grains), 
which contain of ammonia . . . 0.454 “ 

Ammonia per 2.2 cubic feet .... 0.046 

2.2 : 100 :: 0.046 : 2.09 grains per 100 cubic feet. 

If any question is likely to arise as to the correctness of 
the results, it is advisable to preserve for a week one-hall 
of the liquid (34) in a stoppered bottle, labelled and dated, 
and to operate on one-fifth of the remaining liquid. It is 
well to repeat the test on a second portion of the liquid.* 


* If the flexible tube of the burettes is kept some time in com¬ 
pression by the pinclicocks it is apt to become set and perma¬ 
nently closed. It is therefore advisable, when the burettes are not 
to be used for several days, to remove the pinclicocks. Pure black 
rubber tube is used, the ordinary vulcanized tube not being suitable. 







23 


SULPHUR. 

36.—Various apparatus have been invented and em¬ 
ployed in which to burn the gas, and to condense and col¬ 
lect the products of combustion (2). The apparatus most 
























24 


employed are represented in Figs. 7, 8, and 9. Fig. 7 
represents the original instrument devised and introduced 
by the late Mr. Alex. Wright. Fig. 8, Dr. Letheby’s in¬ 
strument; and Fig. 9, the Referee’s Apparatus, which is 



now used in London. Fig. 10 is an admirable apparatus, 
proposed by W. Valentin, Esq., of the Royal College of 
Chemistry, but which has not yet been much applied in 
commercial testing. 

37. —The analysis of the products arising from the com¬ 
bustion of equal volumes of the same gas, in these several 
instruments, indicates different quantities of sulphur in the 
gas. The products from Wright’s indicate the least quan- 
tity, from Dr. Letheby’s and the Referee’s Apparatus more 




25 


than those from Wright’s, while it is supposed that the pro¬ 
ducts from Mr. Valentine’s apparatus indicate the entire 
quantity of sulphur contained in the gas burned. 



38. —In order to obtain results with each instrument 
which shall be comparable and as exact as possible, it is 
necessary to use each instrument under the same conditions, 
in a room not subject to vibrations, free from draughts, and 
of uniform temperature, and in an atmosphere tree from 
sulphur vapors. 

39 . —It is therefore indispensable that the gas be burned 
at a uniform rate on all occasions, that the flames be steady, 
that the products be condensed under the same tempera¬ 
ture, and that no sulphur vapors be produced in the room 
by the ignition of lueifer matches, etc., and that any gas 
flames which may be employed for lighting shall be ven¬ 
tilated—that is, have the products of their combustion con¬ 
veyed out of the room as fast as they arc produced; 


3 
































26 


TO SET THE APPARATUS TO WORK. 

40. —Remove the vessel B, and the chimney E (Figs. 
7 and 8), and charge B with two fluidounces of strong fresh 
ammonia (the ammonia, or any part of it, must never be 
used a second time in the apparatus). Restore B to its 
position, taking care, with the Letlieby apparatus, that the 
pipe of the funnel which is inverted over B rises through 
the centre of the burner to the height of one inch above 
the top of the burner tubes, that the junctions, D D', are 
quite sound, and that the outlet tube, D", enters the con¬ 
denser at such an angle that any fluid condensed in the 
tube may fall into the condenser. Connect the burner of 
B (Fig. 7), or the burner of the Letlieby apparatus (Fig. 8), 
by means of a short piece of flexible or other tube to the 
outlet of a governor attached to an experimental meter 
(32-33). 

41. —Turn on the gas, ignite it at the burner above B, 
and adjust the rate of consumption, by the aid of the gov¬ 
ernor (33), to (1) half a cubic foot per hour with Wright's 
and (2) one cubic foot per hour with Letheby’s apparatus. 
Set the meter index to zero, and instantly replace the 
chimney, E. Let the apparatus continue in action for from 
20 to 24 hours, or until at least ten cubic feet of gas have 
been burned (33-28). 

42. —The Referee’s apparatus (Fig. 9) is set to work in 
a similar manner, the rate being half a cubic foot per hour; 
but the Referees recommend the use of carbonate of am¬ 
monia in the place of liquid ammonia. The lumps of car¬ 
bonate are placed round the burner, as at A. The junctions 
at D D' are made with India-rubber tubing, the top of the 
chimney, C, being pressed closely against the neck at the 
bottom of the glass tower, T, which is filled with glass 
balls. The liquid products of combustion with the appa- 


27 


ratns, Figs. 7 and 9, fall into the receiver, R, while with 
Letheby’s apparatus the}” collect in the condenser, C. 

43. —It is usual with Wright’s apparatus to allow a 
gentle stream of water to flow in at the funnel and through 
the condenser, so as to maintain the temperature at about 
80° Fahr. 

44. —If the ammonia saturator (28) is to be used simul¬ 
taneously with the sulphur test, a stop-cock should be fixed 
in the pipe connecting the governor to the burner of the 
sulphur test C' (Fig. 6 ), and before passing the gas for 
an analytical test, the rate should be adjusted in the fol¬ 
lowing way. Charge (30) the saturator with as many 
septems of water as it is intended to charge it with acid. 
Place it on its stand, and carry the gas supply from it 
through the meter and governor to the sulphur-test 
burner. Adjust the rate of the flow by means of the 
governor (33). Close the stop-cock above mentioned, C' 
(Fig. 6 ), and also the supply-cock (32). Set the meter 
index at zero. Disconnect, remove, and well wash out the 
saturator with distilled water, and charge it with acid (31). 
Refix in position for use, and turn on the supply-cock. 
Open the stop-cock, C' (Fig. 6 ), on the tube between the 
governor and the sulphur test burner, light the gas, and 
replace the parts of the apparatus as directed (41). If the 
governor be once carefully adjusted, it will need little or no 
alteration afterwards. 

45 . —As the meter and governor must be entirely free 
from air before the gas is burned in the sulphur-test, it is 
advisable to have a duplicate supply-pipe, provided with a 
stop-cock, on the meter inlet. On closing the cock, C 
(28), of the saturator, gas may be passed from the duplicate 
supply-pipe, through the meter, and be allowed to escape 
at C' (Fig. 6 ), so as to expel the air from the meter when¬ 
ever it becomes needful to do so. 


28 


46. —As Mr. Valentine’s apparatus (Fig. 10) is not in 
ordinary use, it will be sufficient to say that it consists of 
a platinum or porcelain combustion tube, a gas furnace, the 
vessels shown in the wood-cut, and an aspirator. The 
platinum combustion-tube is filled partly with a platinum 
wire cage, charged with spongy platinum and partly with 
soda lime (made by slaking pure lime with a solution in 
distilled water of pure caustic soda). The tube is then 
placed in the gas furnace, and maintained at a high tempe¬ 
rature, while a measured volume of gas, mixed with a due 
proportion of air, is sucked, as it were, by means of the 
aspirator, through the combustion tube. The mixture of 
gas and air burns when in contact with the spongy plati¬ 
num, and the products pass through the soda-lime, which 
absorbs every atom of the sulphuric acid generated by the 
combustion of the sulphur in the gas. The porcelain tube 
contains only a cage of spongy platinum, the products 
being drawn through a solution of soda-lime contained in 
a glass flask, whereby the sulphuric acid is absorbed. The 
soda-lime used in the platinum tube is taken out and dis¬ 
solved in dilute hydrochloric acid, or, if the porcelain tube 
be used, the soda-lime solution is acidulated with dilute 
hydrochloric acid. The after processes are the same as 
those which will now be described. 

47. —As already mentioned, various apparatus have been 
designed for sulphur testing. Those mentioned herein are 
of a simple character. 


TESTING OPERATIONS. 

48.—If Wright’s apparatus (Fig. 7) be employed, pour 
the liquid from the receiver, R, into a graduated glass 
measure, wash out the receiver with distilled water (note, 
paragraph 7), which add to the contents of the measure. 


29 


49. —If the Letheby apparatus (Fig. 8 ) be used, re¬ 
move the chimney, E, and the outlet tube. Empty the 
contents of the condenser into a graduated glass measure. 
With distilled water wash well the interior of the condenser, 
the chimney, and the outlet tube, and add the washings to 
the contents of the measure. 

50. —If the Referee’s apparatus (Fig. 9) be used, pour 
the collected fluid from R into a graduated glass measure; 
wash T (by pouring distilled water through it), the re¬ 
ceiver, the chimney, and the outlet tube. Add the wash¬ 
ings to the contents of the glass measure. 

51. — In every case make up with distilled water the con¬ 
tents of the measure to an easily dividable quantitj T , say 
16 to 20 ounces. 

52. —Transfer exactly one-half of the liquid from the 
measure to a glass flask, F, which place over a Bunsen 
burner, Fig. 11, or in a sand-bath, arid boil for five minutes.* 

53 . _The other half of the liquid may be afterwards 

operated upon, or stored in a stoppered bottle, labelled and 
dated, for testing, if needful, at a future time (35). 

54 . _Add to the contents of the flask (52), and while 

doing this gently shake the flask to insure complete mix¬ 
ture, some pure dilute hydrochloric acid (one part acid to 
eight or ten parts of distilled water) in sufficient quantity 
to render the liquid acid , i. e ., capable of reddening a blue 
litmus paper. Add also a drop of strong nitric acid or of 
bromine, by means of a small pipette (Fig. 4). 

55 . _Boil some distilled water in a flask, as in Fig. 11, 

and add to it a small quantity of baric chloride. Add a 

* If the glass vessels be exposed directly over the flame, use a 
rose-head on the Bunsen burner, and take care that the flames do 
not touch the vessel, otherwise it is likely to break. 

3* 




30 


small portion of the baric solution wliile still hot to the 
acidulated liquid (54) and boil the latter for a minute or 



so. Repeat this process until it is observed that the added 
drops of baric solution produce no additional milkiness in 
the liquid. Boil for a few minutes more, and then set the 
flask (F) and its contents aside to cool. A white precipi¬ 
tate should fall and leave the liquid quite clear. Decant 
as much of the clear liquid as it is possible to remove 
without carrying off' a particle of the powder. 

56.—Fold a small filter paper* and place it in the glass 
funnel F (Fig. 12). Appty the mouth to the tube T of a 


* The paper must be free from impurities ; when burned by itself 
in the crucible to whiteness, the ash should not weigh more than 
the of a grain (59). 






31 


wash bottle (Fig. 3) containing distilled water, and blow a 
gentle stream of water from O upon the paper so as to 



thoroughly wet it. Shake the contents of F (52, 55), and 
pour them upon the filter, taking care that the fluid does 
not overrun the edge of the paper. Wash the flask several 
times with small quantities of distilled water, and pour the 
washings on to the filter so as to collect thereon every par¬ 
ticle of the precipitate from the flask. 

57.—Blow upon the filter from a wash-bottle (56) a 
gentle stream of boiling, or very hot, distilled water, in 
order to free the filter from soluble salt (64). The wash¬ 
ing is complete if a drop of the fluid from the tube of the 
funnel produces no cloudiness when let fall into a little 
nitrate of silver solution contained in a test-tube or small 
glass vessel. To make the silver solution, dissolve about 






32 


five grains of the nitrate in an ounce of distilled water, and 
keep in a stoppered bottle. 

58. —When the filter is sufficiently drained from water 
place the funnel on a filter dryer, and set the whole on a hot 
plate or sand-bath. 

59. —When quite dry remove the filter from the funnel. 
Place a platinum crucible, G (Fig. 11), the weight of which 
has been accurately determined in a sensitive balance and 
recorded, upon a sheet of clean, smooth, and if possible 
dark colored, paper. Hold the filter over the crucible and 
unfold it. Bring the edges of the filter paper together so as 
to form a sort of bag with the powder inside. With a 
gentle rolling action move the top of the bag to and fro. 
The pow'der will become detached from the paper and must 
be transferred as completely as possible to the crucible. 
Refold the filter into a small parcel, tie round with a thin 
platinum wire, ignite, and let the ashes fall into the crucible. 
Transfer any spilled particles of the powder to the crucible. 
Heat the crucible for some minutes in the flame of a Bunsen 
burner, from which the rose-head has been removed (Fig. 
11 ). 

60. —When the crucible is cold, reweigh it; the difference 
between this weight and the previously recorded weight 
will be the weight of the contained powder, which is baric 
sulphate. 

61. —233 parts by weight of baric sulphate contain 32 
parts of sulphur ^ 3 2 3 =.13734. 

Rule . Multiply twice the weight (52) of the powder by 
the reciprocal .13734, the product will be the weight of the 
sulphur which was contained in the gas burned (41, 42). 

Suppose twice the weight of the sulphate obtained be 14 
grains: 14 X .13734 = 1.92276 grains of sulphur. If the 
quantity of gas be 10 cubic feet, this gives 19.2276 grains 
of sulphur per 100 feet. 


33 


Suppose twice the weight of the sulphate obtained be 29.8 
grains : 29.8 X .13734 = 4.0927. If the quantity of gas be, 
say, 22 cubic feet, then— 

22 c. ft. : 100 c. ft. : : 4.0927 grains : 18.603 grains sul¬ 
phur per 100 c. ft. 

62. —When the utmost exactness is desired, it is requi¬ 
site to place the crucible, while still hot, over a vessel 
containing strong sulphuric acid, and to cover the whole 
with a glass bell. The affinity of the acid for moisture 
preserves the powder absolutely dry. When cold, the 
weighing operations must be conducted with great promp¬ 
titude, and in a dry place. Better if in a lantern balance, 
in which has been previously placed a vessel containing 
strong sulphuric acid. 

63. —The chemical reactions upon which the analysis for 
sulphur, as described, depends, are as follows:— 

Gas contains hydrogen, carbon , and sulphur , which in 
the process of combustion combine with the oxygen of the 
atmosphere, and form water, carbonic acid, and sulphurous 
acid; the last being speedily oxidized more or less com¬ 
pletely into sulphuric acid. Ammonia being present (2), 
the acids unite with it, ammonic carbonate and sulphate 
beins: formed, which are thrown down in a solution with 
the condensed water of combustion. 

64. — Baric chloride decomposes both ammonic carbo¬ 
nate and ammonic sulphate, the acids of those salts uniting 
with the barium of the chloride to form baric carbonate 
and baric sulphate, while the chloride of the baric chloride 
unites with the ammonia of the ammonic carbonate and 
sulphate to form soluble ammonic chloride. In order to 
avoid the precipitation of baric carbonate with the baric 
sulphate (55), the liquid is first boiled to expel any carbonic 
acid and the greater part of the ammonic carbonate. Hy¬ 
drochloric acid is next added to (54) decompose the re¬ 
maining carbonate, the chlorine of the acid combining with 



34 


the ammonia to form a soluble salt, ammonic chloride , 
which is unaffected by barium. The drop of nitric acid or 
of bromine is added for the purpose of oxidizing into sul¬ 
phuric acid any sulphurous acid which may be held in solu¬ 
tion. The liquid is again boiled, to expel carbonic acid. 
Finally, the baric solution is used to decompose the am¬ 
monic sulphate, and give a precipitate of insoluble baric 
sulphate. 

65.—All the chemicals employed must be of the purest 
description. If it is deemed needful to test any samples, 
the requisite information will be found in chemical text 
books. 

The following tables from Sugg’s Gas Manipulation are 
inserted for ascertaining the percentage of sulphur:— 


Sugg's Table for Ascertaining the Percentage of Sulphur. 
Grains of Baric Sulphate collected on Filter. 


35 


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Note. —Opposite the quantity of gas consumed, and under the number of grains of baric sulphate collected, will be 

found the number of grains of sulphur contained in 100 cubic feet of gas. 





















































Sugg’s Table for Ascertaining the Percentage of Sulphur. 
Grains of Baric Sulphate collected on Filter. 


36 


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found the number of grains of sulphur contained in 100 cubic feet of gas. 

















































Sugg's Table for Ascertaining the Percentage of Sulphur. 

Grains of Baric Sulphate collected on Filter. 


31 

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Note.—O pposite the quantity of gas consumed, and under the number of grains of baric sulphate collected, will be 

found the number of grains of sulphur contained in 100 cubic feet of gas. 



















































Sugg’s Table for Ascertaining the Percentage of Sulphur. 
Grains of Baric Sulphate collected on Filter. 


38 




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39 


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Note.—O pposite the quantity of gas consumed, and under the number of grains of baric sulphate collected, will be 

found the number of grains of sulphur contained in 100 cubic feet of gas. 













































WM. W. GOODWIN & 00., 


1012,1014, and 1016 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, 


MANUFACTURERS OF 


Wet and Dr}/ Gas Meters , Station Meters 

( Square , Cylindrical, or in Staves ), Test and 
Show Meters: 

Pressure Registers, Vacuum and Pressure Registers, Pressure 
Gauges, Test Gas holders, all Sizes, Standard Cubic 
Foot Measures, Stationary or Portable. 

All kinds of Apparatus for determining quantity of Sul¬ 
phur and Ammonia in Coal Gas by Volumetric Analysis, 
Eudiometers, and Absorption Tubes. Also, all other Test¬ 
ing and Chemical Apparatus, of the most perfect descrip¬ 
tion, relating to gas. 

Photometrical Apparatus of every description. 

Goodwin’s Improved Bunsen-Letheby Electrical Photometer.— 

This instrument extinguishes the gas and candle, stops the 
meter and clock at ai^ moment desired, either by time, 
gas, or candle. Patented Dec. 22, 1874. 

Goodwin’s Improved Lowe’s Jet Photometer.—This instru¬ 
ment shows the candle power and pressure required for 
same on dial. Patented April 22, 1873; re-issued Jan. 26, 
1875. All other candle power dials are infringements. 

Goodwin’s Electrical Photometer Balance for weighing can¬ 
dles in situ. Patented Jan. 12, 1875. 

Goodwin’s Density and Specific Gravity Apparatus for deter¬ 
minations by the Effusion Method. Patented Dec. 15, 
1874. 


Apparatus for Testing for Sulphur in Gas, as illus¬ 
trated and described in “The Quantitative 
Estimation,” &c. 


Wright’s Apparatus, Fig. 7, page 23. 

Letheby’s u Fig. 8, page 23. 

Referees' “ Fig. 9, page 24. 

Valentin’s “ Fig. 10, page 25. 

Flask (1), Fig. 11, page 30. 

*Meter and Governor, Fig. 6, page 19. 

Glass Measures, graduated (2), Funnels (6), 3 inches 
diameter. 

Filter Stand (1), Beakers (6), Fig. 12, page 31. 
Platinum Crucible and Cover, Fig. 11, page 30. 

“ Wire, 1 foot. 

Bunsen Burner and Retort Stand, Fig. 11, page 30. 

Pint Wash-bottle (1). 

Porcelain Evaporating Dishes (2). 

Glass Bottles Stoppered (2), wide mouths. 

“ “ “ for Acid Solutions (4). 

“ “ “ Engraved (3). 

Pint Beaker, precipitating, and two Glass Stirrers. 
Pipettes, 2 oz. 

CHEMICALS. 

Hydrochloric Acid, pure, J lb. in stoppered bottle. 

Nitric Acid, pure, 1 lb. in stoppered bottle. 

Bromine, pure, 1 oz. in stoppered bottle. 

Baric Chloride, pure, 1 lb. in stoppered bottle. 

Nitrate of Silver, ^ oz. in bottle. 

Ammonia, pure, in stoppered bottle. 

Ammonia, Carbonate, pure, in bottle. 

Distilled Water, pure, in bottle (1 gallon). 

Swedish Filter-paper, in quires. 

STANDARD SOLUTIONS FURNISHED. 

* Only one Meter and one Governor are required, if the two operations be simul¬ 
taneously conducted. 


(See page 2 of cover for Ammonia Testing Apparatus.) 





1012, 1014, 1010 FILBERT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, 









































































































































































































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